The first thing to do on Ubuntu after you get it up and running (I didn't find I had to do this prior to Lucid, but I read on-line that others have had to as far back as Feisty or even Edgy) is to fix the mapping of sh. Do this or the equivalent from root:
root@tuonela:/> rm /bin/sh root@tuonela:/> ln -s /bin/bash /bin/sh
You only need to do this if sh isn't just a link to bash. Why do you need to do this? Because you'll be missing important functionality such as pushd when you write and execute shell scripts. pushd will be reported as not found. And it doesn't matter that your script's first line is #!/bin/bash, it still will go missing.
It's important to get this bit right: .bashrc is executed every time a new shell is created. Open a new terminal window, it's executed.
.bash_profile, on the other hand, is executed only once at log-in. This means that if you're going to add a path to PATH, this is the place to do it. Otherwise, if you add, say your personal script and executable subdirectory to the end of PATH in .bashrc, then after a while you're going to see that PATH has got a huge number of instances of "~/bin" tacked onto the end of it. This is not what you want.
To customize your prompt, see man bash and search for “PROMPTING” where you will see a bunch of specifiers. My prompt on Tru64 is established thus...
PS1="\u@vastru64:\w> "
This shows up as:
rbateman@vastru64:~/vgp-3.1.1/src> (first command-line character comes here)
I mistakenly created a bad kernel that became the default to which grub would boot (automatically). In figuring this out, I discovered not only how to eliminate the bad kernel, but also how to manage the grub menu.
This is as straightforward as it appears in the file /boot/grub/menu.lst: just eliminate the entries that don’t rhyme with what you want, reorder them, etc. and change the default at the top of this file to the 0-based nth item you want to be the default. The timeout is, of course, the number of seconds without interaction until the default is taken with confirmation.
# Modified by YaST. Last modification on Fri May 18 16:39:17 MDT 2007 default 2 timeout 8 gfxmenu (hd01)/boot/message title openSuSE 10.2 - 2.6.18.8-0.3 root (hd01) kernel /boot/vmlinuz 2.6.18.8-0.3-default root=/dev/sda vga=0x31a showopts \ ide=normal apm=off noresume nosmp noapic maxcpus=0 edd=off initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.19.8-0.3-default title Failsafe -- openSuSE 10.2 - 2.6.18.8-0.3 root (hd01) kernel /boot/vmlinuz 2.6.18.8-0.3-default root=/dev/sda vga=normal showopts \ ide=nodma apm=off acpi=off noresume nosmp noapic amxcpus=0 edd=off initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.19.8-0.3-default title openSuSE 10.2 root (hd01) kernel /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda vga=0x31a resume=/dev/sda1 splash=silent showopts initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.19.8-0.3-default title Floppy rootnoverify (hd0.0) chainloader (fd0)+1 . . .
In the directory above, /boot, two links, initrd and vmlinuz, need to be made to the corresponding files of the kernel you list as default in the menu. In my case, because I was tossing the last kernel I mistakenly built (and that didn’t work), I had to redo these links. Now I’m set because my box comes up and by default chooses the right kernel, the one with the latest NVIDIA driver linked in to support my 20" wide-aspect monitors.
...you’ve gone and gotten your PAM files hosed and can no longer get into your box.
See What to do if you’ve hosed your PAM files.
Satori says:
Russ at Vintela says:
From /sbin, use lspci to get a list of PCI devices, their names, model numbers, etc. For example, on my SuSE host on IBM hardware, I have the following video card:
russ@taliesin:~> /sbin/lspci | grep VGA 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV44 [GeForce 6200 TurboCache(TM)] (rev a1)
This way, I now know that I’m running an NVIDIA 6200 and can communicate that to someone else who wants to know a good card to get that will sustain two monitors.
lspci -v gets you more still.
Most packages (products, software, projects, etc.) that you encounter that are of any consequence have an associated script that’s dang handy for what it does. It’s called the “config” script. I’m not talking about the one you run before typing make (in fact, I consume it from configure.ac as I will show in a moment), but what you distribute with your product so that consumers can inquire about fundamental and crucial aspects of your product including where it’s installed, where its associated header files and libraries are (if any), the prefix to the root of where these things might be happening, etc.
For example, where is PHP on your box? On Windows, I used to type “whereis something” to find whether it existed on PATH. On Linux I have often typed “which something” to the same effect. However, typing php-config yields:
russ@taliesin:~> php-config Usage: /usr/local/bin/php-config [--prefix|--includes|--ldflags|--libs|--extension-dir|--version]
(In PHP’s case, you can’t type more than one of these arguments at once, but our product’s version of this script, vas-config, does handle it giving each piece of information on subsequent new lines.)
For example, invoking with the --includes option yields very complex, but crucially useful information (to me who am working on PHP bindings for my product):
russ@taliesin:~> php-config --includes -I/usr/local/include/php -I/usr/local/include/php/main -I/usr/local/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/local/include/php/Zend
This is what I use in my configure.ac (autoconfig) script to set up where gcc will get PHP headers from. And so on.
^ alt F1 drops to the text console.
^ alt F7 returns to GUI.
Note that if the GUI log-in is “hung,” meaning you can’t type in a username, you can press ^ alt F1 to get to the text console, log in as root, then, as you’re already at level 5 (most likely: you were running in GUI after all), reinit to level 3, then to level 5 whereupon you’ll get a new GUI:
taliesin:~ # init 3 (bunch of stuff happens here: press Enter a few times...) taliesin:~ # init 5 (wait a while)
If I delete VAS or otherwise corrupt it, I may be left with the PAM files in such a state that I can’t log in, get root, etc. The steps to reversing this are:
init=/bin/bash
This makes bash the start-up binary instead of the standard init sequence. That way, it comes up with a root text shell.
/etc/pam.d/common-account /etc/pam.d/common-auth /etc/pam.d/common-password /etc/pam.d/common-session
sync # (this ensures that the modifications just made are in the filesystem) shutdown -r now
taliesin:/home/russ/VAS/src/preflight # sudo wireshark &*
To see what’s going on on port 88, go to
Then use/reuse Capture->Start, Stop or Restart and see the pretty colors.
* If you get an error like
russ@taliesin:~/VAS/src/preflight> sudo wireshark & [3] 23994 russ@taliesin:~/VAS/src/preflight> (wireshark:23994): Gtk-WARNING **: cannot open display: [3]+ Exit 1 sudo wireshark
Try this instead:
taliesin:/home/russ/VAS/src/preflight # gnomesudo wireshark &
You can't run wireshark unless you are root. On Ubuntu or other systems, you might find the working GUI sudo command to be something like gksudo.
On openSuSE Linux 10.3, I'm finding that the command is gnomesu -c wireshark &.
gnomesu -c wireshark &
Upon launching wireshark, I pull down the Capture menu, choose Options..., then ensure that the Interface is eth0 (my network card).
I then specify a filter. The filter syntax appears inconsistent between the various places you can set on in wireshark. In one case where I was attempting to sniff HTTP exchanges between two applications I was testing, I set the Interface to lo (meaning local or 127.0.0.1) and then used tcp port 48080.
Then, click on the Start button and the fun begins. (You're on your own now.)
It’s useful to block ports when testing to observe behavior in failure. Some iptables commands to block UDP port 88 from out-going use.
See what's in place:
iptables -L OUTPUT
Insert a rule at the head (before rule 1) of the table:
iptables -I OUTPUT 1 -d ad-u.u.vas -p upd --dport 88 -j DROP
Add a rule at the end of the table:
iptables -A OUTPUT -d ad-u.u.vas -p udp --dport 88 -j DROP iptables -A OUTPUT -d ad-u.u.vas -p tcp --dport 88 -j DROP
Important! Rules are implemented in-order. So, if there's a rule like...
taliesin:/home/russ/VAS/src/preflight # iptables -L OUTPUT Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT 0 -- anywhere anywhere DROP udp -- anywhere AD-U-u.vas udp dpt:kerberos
...then adding a rule to block UPD port 88 will have no effect! Instead, insert it before the first rule.
Delete rule 4 from the table by number:
iptables -D OUTPUT 4
Some good links...
taliesin:/home/russ # iptables -I OUTPUT 1 -p udp --dport 88 -j DROP taliesin:/home/russ # iptables -L OUTPUT Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DROP udp -- anywhere anywhere udp dpt:kerberos ACCEPT 0 -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT 0 -- anywhere anywhere state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED LOG 0 -- anywhere anywhere limit: avg 3/min burst 5 LOG level warning tcp-options ip-options prefix `SFW2-OUT-ERROR ' taliesin:/home/russ # wireshark & Instructions for Wireshark: 1. Capture -> Options 2. Capture Filter: port 88 3. Start 4. watch what happens... (nothing) russ@taliesin:~/HEAD/VAS/src/preflight> vastool kinit Password for administrator@A.VAS: ERROR: Could not establish credentials. VAS_ERR_KRB5: at ticket.c:77 in _ticket_generate_good_error Failed to obtain credentials. Client: administrator@A.VAS, Service: krbtgt/A.VAS@A.VAS, Server: ad64-a.a.vas Caused by: KRB5_KDC_UNREACH (-1765328228): Cannot contact any KDC for requested realm Reason: unable to reach any KDC in realm A.VAS taliesin:/home/russ # iptables -D OUTPUT 1
To sort files in ascending order by date...
rbateman@vastru64:~> ls -lart
To sort lines of a file on a particular field, check out man page for...
rbateman@vastru64:~> sort -k
How much memory is being consumed on system? How much total? Etc. top is dynamic; you have to stop it.
russ@taliesin:~> top top - 14:31:57 up 1:47, 4 users, load average: 8.72, 4.35, 1.76 Tasks: 118 total, 1 running, 117 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.7% us, 9.8% sy, 0.0% ni, 0.0% id, 88.3% wa, 0.2% hi, 1.0% si Mem: 1033484k total, 1019936k used, 13548k free, 10060k buffers Swap: 1052216k total, 3332k used, 1048884k free, 732760k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 9547 russ 18 0 2828 968 752 D 14.0 0.1 0:24.68 snhelper 523 root 15 0 0 0 0 S 4.7 0.0 0:07.29 kswapd0 5989 root 15 0 175m 41m 8560 S 0.7 4.2 0:31.17 X 7132 russ 15 0 57472 18m 9288 S 0.7 1.8 0:04.66 gnome-terminal 8631 russ 15 0 71596 30m 16m S 0.7 3.0 0:03.64 vmware-server-c 6096 russ 16 0 81040 37m 14m S 0.3 3.7 0:12.37 mono 6155 russ 16 0 98.5m 30m 19m S 0.3 3.0 0:09.11 mono 1 root 16 0 688 260 224 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.17 init 2 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 migration/0 3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0 4 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/1
How much disk space is used up on system? How much total? Etc. Some examples:
russ@taliesin:~> df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 77101576 23483332 53618244 31% / tmpfs 516740 0 516740 0% /dev/shm russ@taliesin:~> df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 74G 23G 51G 31% / tmpfs 505M 0 505M 0% /dev/shm windofkeltia:/home # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda2 34G 5.5G 28G 17% / udev 506M 96K 506M 1% /dev /dev/hdc1 96G 33M 96G 1% /home2 /dev/hdb1 112G 4.4G 108G 4% /home windofkeltia:/home # ./diskspace.sh hdb1 Filesystem on disk: /home (device: /dev/hdb1) Total disk size: 112Gb Used space: 4.4Gb (4%) Free space: 108Gb
The diskspace.sh script that produced the output above is:
#!/bin/sh DISK=$1 if [ -z "$1" ]; then echo "Usage: $0 " echo " ERROR: You must supply the device name of the disk." exit -1 fi which=`df -h | grep $DISK` if [ -z "$which" ]; then echo "No device $DISK exists." exit -1 fi # Example: # /dev/hdc1 96G 33M 96G 1% /home2 device=`echo $which | awk '{ print $1 }'` size=`echo $which | awk '{ print $2 }'` used=`echo $which | awk '{ print $3 }'` free=`echo $which | awk '{ print $4 }'` percent=`echo $which | awk '{ print $5 }'` path=`echo $which | awk '{ print $6 }'` echo "Filesystem on disk: $path (device: $device)" echo " Total disk size: ${size}b" echo " Used space: ${used}b ($percent)" echo " Free space: ${free}b"
And, here's the superduper version that does all the disk devices if you don't specify which one interests you:
#!/bin/sh DISK=$1 DoDiskSpace() { DISK=${1:-} if [ -n "$DISK" ]; then # Example: # /dev/hdc1 96G 33M 96G 1% /home2 which=`df -h | grep $DISK` device=`echo $which | awk '{ print $1 }'` size=`echo $which | awk '{ print $2 }'` used=`echo $which | awk '{ print $3 }'` free=`echo $which | awk '{ print $4 }'` percent=`echo $which | awk '{ print $5 }'` path=`echo $which | awk '{ print $6 }'` echo "Filesystem on disk: $path (device: $device)" echo " Total disk size: ${size}b" echo " Used space: ${used}b ($percent)" echo " Free space: ${free}b" fi } if [ -n "$1" ]; then case "$1" in "-h" | "--help") echo "Usage: $0 [-h] []" echo " --with no argument, you get all of the disk devices." exit 0 ;; *) DoDiskSpace $1 ;; esac else # Get a list of disk devices and run it (do all of them). devices=`df | grep ^ | awk '{ print $1 }'` for which_device in $devices; do if [ "$which_device" != "Filesystem" ]; then DoDiskSpace `basename $which_device` fi done fi # vim: set tabstop=2 shiftwidth=2 noexpandtab:
Use the du command with --max-depth=n to control the depth of the analysis. For example, how much diskspace are the following web site users consuming. (Some are not web sites.)
windofkeltia:/home # du --max-depth=1 -h 292K ./svn 100M ./sonsofutahpioneers 50M ./utahwoodturners 1.4M ./pfssd 296K ./silvertipexpress 3.5M ./quicklang 2.1M ./morselives 32M ./timpwoodturners 53M ./russcooks 27M ./stgeorgetemplevisitorscenter 505K ./cotton 90M ./provotabernacle 1.6G ./rbateman 0 ./bullheadranch 13M ./vanordenfamily 101K ./julene 2.7M ./kkearl 13M ./utahsdixie 6.1M ./covefort 1005K ./aintnoclouds 101K ./randybateman 5.1M ./etretatlogiciels 81M ./vicback 18M ./nuttall 614M ./alfredbateman 1.2G ./windofkeltia 789K ./wcpafug 3.3M ./stgeorgelive 93K ./rmbateman 71M ./russbateman 161K ./sfranson 4.6M ./dixiecommunications 548M ./russellbateman 101K ./krbeesley 4.4G .
Use this command to find out information:
russ@taliesin:~> id uid=1000(russ) gid=100(users) groups=16(dialout),33(video),100(users)
In place of ftp, which for security reasons many hosts no longer permit, use scp:
russ@taliesin:~> scp russellb@jerry.vintela.com:/data/vas/dev-isos/Isos-vas_vgp-VAS_3_0_0_25/VAS-site-3.0.0-25.iso .
Unable to get into a remote machine because of warning that “Remote host identification has changed!”? Edit ~/.ssh/known_hosts and remove the entry (it’s one long and wrapped line) corresponding to the host you wish to get into.
Of course, if the remote host isn’t joined to vintela.com, russellb simply won’t work.
Use ssh to get a console on another host than your own (or, even on your own if it serves you to do so):
russ@taliesin:~> ssh -l username hostname.domainname
Example:
russ@taliesin:~> /usr/bin/ssh -l russellb solaris8.vintela.com
Sample, common tar commands: to create (c) an archive, to extract (x) it, and to see (t for “titles’) what’s in it without extracting anything...
russ@taliesin:~> tar -cvf tar-filename files and directories... russ@taliesin:~> tar -xvf tar-filename russ@taliesin:~> tar -tvf tar-filename
Sample gzip command. Note that gzip’s output is usually on stdout which is then redirected to the desired output file. For gunziping what is known as a “tarball,” see tarballs.
russ@taliesin:~> gzip -c filename.tar > filename.tar.gz
Use gunzip to decompress tarballs (filename.tar.gz):
russ@taliesin:~> gunzip -d filename.tar.gz russ@taliesin:~> tar -xf filename.tar
Or, simply use the -z to tar:
russ@taliesin:~> tar -xfz filename.tar.gz
To install a package or to see if a package is installed:
russ@taliesin:~> rpm -i file.rpm russ@taliesin:~> rpm -qa | grep package-sought
With a down-loaded package in hand, to see what is inside and where it will be installed (including binary’s name) or, if not installed (remove the p option):
russ@taliesin:~> rpm -qilp package-name russ@taliesin:~> rpm -qil package-name
Thus, for VMware Console package, VMware-console-2.5.2-16390.i386.rpm, which is already installed on my box, I type:
russ@taliesin:~> rpm -qil VMware-console
...and the result is:
/etc/vmware-console /etc/vmware-console.sh /usr/bin /usr/bin/vmware-console /usr/lib/vmware-console /usr/lib/vmware-console/bin /usr/lib/vmware-console/bin-debug /usr/lib/vmware-console/bin-debug/mks ...
Download the VMware console for use on SuSE 10 from here at VMware-console-2.5.2-16390.i386.rpm. Right-click on this link, choose, Save link as..., etc. To install it, you use rpm, then a Perl script distributed with it. You can usually invoke it right from /tmp without going looking for it; it lives in /usr/bin/vmware-config-console.pl). Take the default when prompted.
russ@taliesin:~> su Password: taliesin:/home/russ: # cd /tmp taliesin:/tmp # rpm -e VMware-console-2.5.2-16390.i386.rpm taliesin:/tmp # vmware-config-console.pl taliesin:/tmp # exit
And I see that I’m probably going to find vmware-console at /usr/bin because that’s in my PATH shell variable.
Not all Linices make use of rpm. Debian, for example, uses something named apt. To use it, you have to know the name of a package, then type the command:
russ@taliesin:~> apt-get install package-name
Other commands include (see http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/)...
russ@taliesin:~> apt-get remove package-name (leaves configuration files) russ@taliesin:~> apt-get --purge remove package-name (removes even configuration files) russ@taliesin:~> apt-get -u upgrade (upgrade packages) russ@taliesin:~> apt-get -u dist-upgrade (upgrade entire system at once)
This is unlikely, but it happens. I was writing a utility to ascertain certain aspects of sshd then give advice about its findings. In the process of deleting temporary files, I accidentally deleted /usr/sbin/sshd itself which gave me no end to trouble as I casually attempted to get along without it (used Quest’s ssh, etc.).
I broke down and tried to impose my original RPM installation, but by a stroke of mind-shattering bizarreness, the one from my original, read-only DVD was bad. So, I found another copy (at rpm.pbone.net) and down-loaded it. Then, I used the following command to reinstall it:
taliesin:/> rpm -Uvh /tmp/openssh-4.4p1-24.i586.rpm
Along the lines of Linux rpm is the Solaris package manager. I have had to use this in writing a super-duper installation script that covers all platforms.
For example, a site-license installation on a Sun box...
russ@taliesin:~> pkginfo | grep vasclnt application vasclnts VAS Client (site)
And the others...
1. Search for desired software on Google or directly at sourceforge.net, go to the link on source forge and download the tarball into /tmp. The example we’ll use here is vifm.
2. Go to /tmp and decompress the tarball into a simple archive:
russ@taliesin:~> cd /tmp russ@taliesin:/tmp> gunzip -d vifm-0.3a.tar.gz
3. Extract the archive:
russ@taliesin:/tmp> tar -xf vifm-0.3a.tar
4. Go down into the directory and build it:
russ@taliesin:/tmp> cd vifm-0.3a russ@taliesin:/tmp/vifm-0.3a> ./configure russ@taliesin:/tmp/vifm-0.3a> make
5. Go down into the src directory and run it to ensure that it works.
6. If good, go back up one level and do a make install:
russ@taliesin:/tmp/vifm-0.3a> sudo make install
The configuration file is on the path /etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf. The path to syslog’s output, on SuSE 10 at least, is /var/log/messages. Use the following command to be able to watch it grow at the end:
russ@taliesin:~> tail -f /var/log/messages
Sample entry lines in the SuSE 10, new-generation syslog, as used by VAS:
source s_vas { unix_stream("dev/log"); internal(); } destination d_russvas { file("/home/russ/vas.$WEEKDAY.$HOUR.$MIN"); } filter f_vasauth { facility(auth, authpriv); } log { source(s_sys); filter(f_vasauth); destination(d_russvas); }
I don’t know if the above would work. Here is what I really have in my /etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf file:
... filter f_daemon { level(debug) and facility(daemon); }; ... destination daemondebug { file("/var/log/daemon.debug"); }; log { source(src); filter(f_daemon); destination(daemondebug); };
The system log, /var/log/messages, can grow quite large. Delete it, and touch it to start over.
rm /var/log/messages touch /var/log/messages rm /var/log/daemon.debug touch /var/log/daemon.debug /etc/init.d/syslog restart
Once any change to any of this is made, syslog must be restarted:
libroken.a means “broken” and contains all the pseudo-standard stuff missing from the build on any given platform. For example, if GNU stuff getargs and arg_printusage aren’t on the platform, this library supplies them.
Find and stop the ssh dæmon or restart it...
russ@taliesin:~> ps -ef | grep sshd russ@taliesin:~> /etc/init.d/sshd stop russ@taliesin:~> /etc/init.d/syslog restart
On HP-UX and AIX, this works differently...
russ@taliesin:~> /sbin/init.d/sshd stop # (HP=UX) russ@taliesin:~> /etc/rc.d/init.d/ssh restart # (AIX)
ps options are’t exactly uniform from Linux to UNIX to other Unix. Here’s how it can be solved:
int is_daemon_running( const char *daemon_name ) { char ps_command[ 128 ], buffer[ 256 ]; /* create ps command for the host platform in 'ps_command'... */ cnt = asprintf( &ps_command, #if defined( SOLARIS ) "ps -e -o comm | grep [%c]%s" #elif defined( DARWIN ) "ps -ax | grep [%c]%s\\\\\\>" #else "ps -e | grep [%c]%s" #endif , daemon_name, daemon_name + 1 ); if( ( fp = popen( command, "r" ) ) ) return errno; while( fgets( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), fp ) ) { if( strstr( daemon_name, buffer ) == 0 ) return TRUE; } ... }
Which libraries does binary sshd link?
russ@taliesin:~> ldd `which sshd`
If you get...
russ@taliesin:~> ldd: missing file arguments
It’s certain that there is no sshd on any of your search paths.
Using the tail of a long, dynamic file (like /var/log/messages):
russ@taliesin:~> tail -f file
...to put yourself into a state in which every directory or file you create will have, by default, certain privileges although the privileges are slightly different depending on whether a file or a directory for the same umask setting. For the bits, 0 gives you the most rights, rwx for a directory and rw- for a file; 1 gives you rwx for a directory and rw- for a file; 2 gives you r-x and r-- for a file; last, 3 gives you r-- only. For example, ...
russ@taliesin:~> umask 0 russ@taliesin:~> touch poop russ@taliesin:~> mkdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> ls -l -rw-rw-rw- 1 russ users 0 2006-11-01 09:35 poop drwxrwxrwx 2 russ users 48 2006-11-01 09:35 poop.d russ@taliesin:~> rm poop ; rmdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> umask 0011 russ@taliesin:~> touch poop russ@taliesin:~> mkdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> ls -l -rw-rw-rw- 1 russ users 0 2006-11-01 09:35 poop drwxrw-rw- 2 russ users 48 2006-11-01 09:35 poop.d russ@taliesin:~> rm poop ; rmdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> umask 0022 russ@taliesin:~> touch poop russ@taliesin:~> mkdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 0 2006-11-01 09:29 poop drwxr-xr-x 2 russ users 48 2006-11-01 09:29 poop.d russ@taliesin:~> rm poop ; rmdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> umask 0033 russ@taliesin:~> touch poop russ@taliesin:~> mkdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 0 2006-11-01 09:35 poop drwxr--r-- 2 russ users 48 2006-11-01 09:35 poop.d russ@taliesin:~> rm poop ; rmdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> umask 0133 russ@taliesin:~> touch poop russ@taliesin:~> mkdir poop.d russ@taliesin:~> ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 0 2006-11-01 09:35 poop drw-r--r-- 2 russ users 48 2006-11-01 09:35 poop.d russ@taliesin:~> rm poop ; rmdir poop.d
The usual umask when creating massive numbers of directories (such as for a package installation) is 0022.
Command sudo executes its argument, a command, in superuser mode:
russ@taliesin:~> sudo make
Command sux is a wrapper around su that transfers X credentials. This is useful for running GUI apps as root.
russ@taliesin:~> sux /usr/ConsoleOne/bin/ConsoleOne
The find command, an example:
russ@taliesin:~> find . -name '*.c' -print russ@taliesin:~> find / -name 'gcc*' -print russ@taliesin:~> find starting at root russ@taliesin:~> find . -name '*.c' -exec fgrep -H Usage: {} \; russ@taliesin:~> find . -name "*.[ch]" -exec fgrep -H Usage: {} \; # both .c and .h files
Find some files matching a template; then, finding them, delete them:
russ@taliesin:~> find . -name '*.tmp' -print russ@taliesin:~> find . -name '*.tmp' -exec rm {} \;
newgrp creates a new shell running as if with the gid of the specified group, requires a password created using gpasswd.
Linux (Unix) commands affected or interesting in this context:
russ@taliesin:~> newgrp new-group-name russ@taliesin:~> gpasswd russ@taliesin:~> sg # (cf. sudo) russ@taliesin:~> groups # (lists groups from /etc/group)
Documentation for exuberant ctags can be found at http://ctags.sourceforge.net/ctags.html.
How to build the whole project:
russ@taliesin:~> cd project-root russ@taliesin:~> rm -rf tags russ@taliesin:~> ctags -R (from project root)
Pass -I on command line to ctags to help it know that ARGDECL4 (for example) in the following C code isn’t to be interpreted as a function.
int foo ARGDECL4( void *ptr, long number, size_t nbytes )
In order to facilitate lots of the above, create $HOME.ctags to contain the list—will be picked up by ctags when it runs.
In vim, type...
Other movement stuff (I don’t grok yet, but it was in the Vim thread)—some is done in Vim and some in ex. <tag>, here, denotes typing the actual identifier name (a necessity in ex). The first three prompt with a list of possibilities; the rest actually jump to the first in that list. #3 and #6 apparently split off a new window (we’ll have to try this).
First, why? If you have a header that, during compilation, renames a bunch of functions to something else in order to stave off namespace collisions for whatever reason in your code base, you will find it devilishly frustrating to jump to definitions because of that. It is possible to make ctags ignore any header or source so that its symbol table isn't (similarly) corrupt and ^] will take you to the code just as you’d expect. This can be just a filename or a file listing filenames to be excluded:
ctags -R --exclude=krb5_sym.h ctags -R --exclude=@ctags-exclude # (see this file below) +-- ctags-exclude ----------+ | asn1_sym.h | | ber_sym.h | | com_err_sym.h | | des_sym.h | | gssapi_sym.h | | krb5_sym.h | | ldap_sym.h | | sqlite3_sym.h | | vers_sym.h | | ... | +---------------------------+
How to set up the whole project. Obviously, this could be done at the same time as ctags.
russ@taliesin:~> cd project-root russ@taliesin:~> cscope -R (from project root)
Now, this actually launches cscope on a sort of text file in vi with fields into which you type function or other identifier names, press return, and get listings. You can tab between input sections and arrow-key between fields.
See http://docs.sun.com/source/819-0494/cscope.html for a tutorial.
Find out the name of the OS on the host (Linux, SunOS, HP-UX, AIX, etc.):
russ@taliesin:~> uname -a | awk '{ print $1 }'
Hostname...
russ@taliesin:~> uname -a | awk '{ print $2 }'
The following files exist on some Linux distros...
/etc/SuSE-release /etc/redhat-release
Try pressing...
Control Alt F1 or Control Alt Backspace
It’s because someone is screwing around and what’s in /etc/resolv.conf no longer holds.
First, attempt to see if your adapters are configured:
russ@taliesin:~> ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:C6:A2:0A:68 inet addr:10.5.35.165 Bcast:10.5.47.255 Mask:255.255.240.0 inet6 addr: 3ffe:302:11:2:210:c6ff:fea2:a68/64 Scope:Global inet6 addr: fe80::210:c6ff:fea2:a68/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:21040 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4662 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2192482 (2.0 Mb) TX bytes:406559 (397.0 Kb) Interrupt:169 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:195 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:195 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:14728 (14.3 Kb) TX bytes:14728 (14.3 Kb) vmnet1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:56:C0:00:01 inet addr:192.168.143.1 Bcast:192.168.143.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::250:56ff:fec0:1/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) vmnet8 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:56:C0:00:08 inet addr:172.16.104.1 Bcast:172.16.104.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::250:56ff:fec0:8/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:21 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
That succeeding, ping something like Google:
russ@taliesin:~> ping Google
If that doesn’t work, then see if the cable is connected (good hardware connections) by pinging our gateway:
russ@taliesin:~> ping 10.5.32.1
It’s also possible to view the route taken using (option -n means show the routing table, but don’ try to resolve anything)...
russ@taliesin:~> route -n
Depending on what is learned from these commans, it’s looking like a bad /etc/resolv.conf. See discussion of /etc/resolv.conf and my resolv.sh script for what this looks like.
Create a new subdirectory to be used as a mount point first.
russ@taliesin:~> mkdir /home/russ/vasapi russ@taliesin:~> sudo mount -o loop VAS-site-3.0.0-25.iso /home/russ/vasapi
To undo this...
russ@taliesin:~> sudo umount VAS-site-3.0.0-25.iso
Renae uses this method to test builds as if ISOs.
russ@taliesin:~> mkdir /mnt/jerry russ@taliesin:~> sudo mount -o ro slcflsl01.prod.quest.corp:/data/vas /mnt/jerry
russ@taliesin:~> sudo umount /mnt/jerry
Then just switch to the directory and run...
russ@taliesin:/mnt/jerry/dev-builds/junk> cd /mnt/jerry/dev-builds/junk russ@taliesin:/mnt/jerry/dev-builds/junk> ./install.sh -d 1 -n -a (etc.)
russ@taliesin:~> mount [-t type] /dev/hde /cdrom
/dev/cdrom/cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto, unhide
russ@taliesin:~> mount /dev/cdrom russ@taliesin:~> mount /cd
Local printer, no auto-detect of Plug’n’Play, new port, TCP/IP at address 10.5.34.1.
To get interesting information on your host hardware (like opening the System details in the Windows control panel), the following is helpful:
russ@taliesin:~> uname -a russ@taliesin:~> cat /proc/cpuinfo russ@taliesin:~> ps ax russ@taliesin:~> top # (gets a screenful of the most active processes)
Paper by engineer at SuSE discussing file system access control lists (ACLs) as implemented in several UNIX-like operating systems, see http://www.suse.de/~agruen/acl/linux-acls/online/
Multihomed means that you have one network interface card (NIC), but two different IP addresses assigned to it. The other option is to have two NICs, each with its own address.
Links to curses information...
http://www.windofkeltia.com/opensoftware/hyundai.html
...and other fun like updating my NVIDIA driver so I could hook up my new 20" Samsung monitors: http://www.windofkeltia.com/opensoftware/nvidia-update.html
I tried VSE a little bit in an attempt to over-come the paucity of tagging from Vim, but in frustration with its broken Vi emulation, discovered Exuberant ctags and found I didn’t need VSE. Nevertheless, here are random notes on using it...
.slickedit/vunxdefs.e
Steps to remap:
Can also remap ^C, ^V, ^X, etc. as copy-region, paste and cut-region.
The ctag keys in VSe are ^., ^, and ^/ (list reference).
Following are several methods of finding the total memory installed on a Linux host. One, lshw, is something I’ve not seen work nor taken the time to make work, but I put it in here for completeness. top is an executable that takes over your console window until you press 'q' for quit. These examples are taken from my own host which has 1 gigabyte.
russ@taliesin:~> free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1010 901 108 0 45 157 -/+ buffers/cache: 698 311 Swap: 1027 649 378 russ@taliesin:~> cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 1034944 kB MemFree: 103644 kB Buffers: 46312 kB Cached: 166836 kB SwapCached: 121404 kB Active: 831056 kB Inactive: 47484 kB HighTotal: 129984 kB HighFree: 248 kB LowTotal: 904960 kB LowFree: 103396 kB SwapTotal: 1052216 kB SwapFree: 388576 kB Dirty: 836 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 626988 kB Mapped: 42512 kB Slab: 35000 kB PageTables: 3760 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB CommitLimit: 1569688 kB Committed_AS: 1798404 kB VmallocTotal: 114680 kB VmallocUsed: 54132 kB VmallocChunk: 55284 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 Hugepagesize: 4096 kB russ@taliesin:~/HEAD/VAS/src/libs/vaslicense> top top - 07:09:07 up 100 days, 13:36, 5 users, load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.00 Tasks: 121 total, 1 running, 118 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie Cpu(s): 0.2%us, 0.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.0%id, 0.8%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.5%si, 0.0%st Mem: 1034944k total, 932256k used, 102688k free, 46316k buffers Swap: 1052216k total, 663624k used, 388592k free, 166948k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3685 root 15 0 551m 274m 6792 S 0 27.2 236:31.38 X 1 root 15 0 744 72 44 S 0 0.0 0:04.49 init 2 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.18 ksoftirqd/0 4 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 migration/1 5 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.57 ksoftirqd/1 6 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:15.08 events/0 7 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 events/1 8 root 11 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 9 root 11 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kthread 13 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:02.45 kblockd/0 14 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.33 kblockd/1 15 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.37 kacpid 16 root 16 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpi_notify 110 root 16 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/0 111 root 16 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/1 112 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.01 kseriod 158 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 3:35.98 kswapd0 159 root 19 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 aio/0 160 root 18 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 aio/1 406 root 12 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kpsmoused 774 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.45 ata/0 775 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.37 ata/1 776 root 16 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_aux 788 root 13 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.01 scsi_eh_0 789 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 scsi_eh_1 872 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:07.68 reiserfs/0 873 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:06.80 reiserfs/1 906 root 15 0 10024 292 288 S 0 0.0 0:00.69 blogd 921 root 12 -4 1796 252 248 S 0 0.0 0:00.27 udevd 1656 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.03 khubd 2511 root 15 0 1668 316 312 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 resmgrd 2557 root 15 0 2036 616 484 S 0 0.1 1:07.70 syslog-ng 2564 root 15 0 1724 460 280 S 0 0.0 0:49.12 klogd 2571 root 15 0 1584 328 324 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 acpid 2573 messageb 15 0 15484 2316 548 S 0 0.2 5:45.20 dbus-daemon 2636 haldaemo 15 0 5668 1496 1112 S 0 0.1 3:44.58 hald 2637 root 17 0 2952 616 612 S 0 0.1 0:00.01 hald-runner 2638 root 15 0 3180 1116 1008 S 0 0.1 0:02.56 polkitd 3061 mdnsd 15 0 1888 564 476 S 0 0.1 0:02.68 mdnsd 3106 nobody 15 0 1632 308 248 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 portmap 3232 root 16 -3 9948 380 364 S 0 0.0 0:00.22 auditd
How to set up a key on a host so that you can get into it via ssh without a password?
russ@taliesin:~/.ssh> ssh-keygen -b 1024 -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/russ/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/russ/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /home/russ/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: 61:25:8a:15:86:ff:cb:3d:ec:7e:5c:16:2b:6f:73:b3 russ@taliesin russ@taliesin:~/.ssh> ll total 48 -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 223 2006-06-27 13:10 authorized_keys -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 116 2007-03-05 11:11 config -rw------- 1 russ users 887 2008-07-29 14:58 id_rsa -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 223 2008-07-29 14:58 id_rsa.pub -rw-r--r-- 1 russ users 31323 2008-07-28 08:48 known_hosts russ@taliesin:~/.ssh> scp id_rsa.pub root@vasx8664.vintela.com:/home/rbateman/.ssh root@vasx8664.vintela.com's password: id_rsa.pub 100% 223 0.2KB/s 00:00
On the remote host...
russ@taliesin:~/.ssh> ssh rbateman@vasx8664.vintela.com rbateman@vasx8664.vintela.com's password: Last login: Thu Jul 24 10:15:35 2008 from vasx8664.vintela.com [rbateman@slc205613 root]# cd /home/rbateman/.ssh [rbateman@slc205613 .ssh]# ll total 28 -rw-r--r-- 1 rbateman slc 488 Jul 29 14:39 authorized_keys -rwxr-xr-x 1 rbateman slc 2372 Oct 9 2007 equip_all_plats.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 rbateman slc 223 Jul 29 14:53 id_rsa.pub -rw-r--r-- 1 rbateman slc 8865 Oct 9 2007 known_hosts [rbateman@slc205613 .ssh]# cat id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys [rbateman@slc205613 rbateman]$ ^D Connection to vasx8664.vintela.com closed.
Back on the local host, we can now ssh to the remote host without a password:
russ@taliesin:~/.ssh> ssh rbateman@vasx8664.vintela.com Last login: Tue Jul 29 14:54:05 2008 from taliesin.vintela.com
locate is a great tool—much faster and easier to use than find. To get it, use YaST->Software->Software Management, type in “locate” as the filter/search string, and click findutils-locate if that package has not been installed already. This is the GNU Findutils Subpackage. Install it if need be.
YaST->Software->Software Management
Once installed, it’s probably on your PATH, so first update its index (database). It searches all your filesystem indexing the files thereon. Later, you’ll want to chron this action to run late at night while you’re asleep.
Then, use man locate to learn how to use it, however, here are a couple of examples:
man locate
russ@taliesin:~/GWAVA> which updatedb /usr/bin/updatedb russ@taliesin:~> updatedb russ@taliesin:~/GWAVA> locate vicheat.gif /home/russ/GWAVA/vicheat.gif /home/russ/Quest/documents/vintela/vicheat.gif /home/russ/Quest/notes/vicheat.gif russ@taliesin:~/GWAVA> locate /web/WEB-INF/cfg | grep ASConfig.cfg /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainServer/web/WEB-INF/cfg/ASConfig.cfg russ@taliesin:~/GWAVA> locate /web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainServer/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainServer/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp/prop-base /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainServer/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp/props /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainServer/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp/text-base /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainWorker/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainWorker/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp/prop-base /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainWorker/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp/props /home/russ/dev/svn/retain/RetainWorker/web/WEB-INF/cfg/.svn/tmp/text-base
eth0 must be assigned to a zone in order for VNC to work. Go to Firewall Configurations->Interfaces.
Firewall Configurations->Interfaces
To examine what repositories are used by Yast, you can launch Yast and choose Software->Software Repositories or you can do this:
Software->Software Repositories or you can do this:
taliesin:/ # zypper sl # | Enabled | Refresh | Type | Alias | Name --+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------- 1 | Yes | Yes | yast2 | http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/openSUSE:10.3/standard/ | Main Repository (OSS) 2 | Yes | No | yast2 | openSUSE-10.3-OSS-Gnome 10.3 | openSUSE-10.3-OSS-Gnome 10.3 3 | Yes | Yes | yast2 | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/10.3/repo/debug/ | Main Repository (DEBUG) 4 | Yes | Yes | rpm-md | Mozilla | Mozilla 5 | Yes | Yes | rpm-md | NVIDIA Repository | NVIDIA Repository 6 | Yes | Yes | rpm-md | openSUSE-10.3-Updates | openSUSE-10.3-Updates
This is much faster than the Yast GUI.
This command prints out network connections, routing tables and other network-related information. In particuler, below we are looking to make certain port 5900 is assigned to TCP. In fact, it's going to be used by Tomcat which, for some reason, appears as vino-server. We don't see other programs identified because Tomcat belongs to us, but not the other processes.
russ@taliesin:~> netstat -nltp (Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.) Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:48005 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:904 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:48009 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5900 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 4574/vino-server tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:48080 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
As root, we see:
taliesin:/home/russ # netstat -nltp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:48005 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6915/java tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:904 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3851/xinetd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:48009 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6915/java tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5900 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 4574/vino-server tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3370/portmap tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:48080 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6915/java tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3541/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3976/master
Elsewhere, on host windofkeltia, we see yet different names for Tomcat (jsvc.exec):
windofkeltia:/home/rbateman # netstat -nltp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2826/portmap tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2544 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3184/zmd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2898/cupsd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3352/master tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 6337/httpd2-prefork tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 3394/sshd tcp 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 2898/cupsd tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 3352/master windofkeltia:/home/rbateman # /etc/init.d/tomcat start Starting Apache Tomcat Server... done windofkeltia:/home/rbateman # netstat -nltp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2826/portmap tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2544 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3184/zmd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2898/cupsd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3352/master tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 601/jsvc.exec tcp 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 601/jsvc.exec tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 6337/httpd2-prefork tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 3394/sshd tcp 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 2898/cupsd tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 3352/master
Files that you download and end in .bin are simply self-extracting archives. To extract, change the permissions to add executable and invoke.
russ@taliesin:~/download> chmod a+x jdk-6u12-linux-i586.bin russ@taliesin:~/download> ./jdk-6u12-linux-i586.bin russ@taliesin:~/download> ll total 78324 drwxr-xr-x 10 russ users 4096 2009-02-11 15:11 jdk1.6.0_12 -rwxr-xr-x 1 russ users 80105323 2009-02-11 15:03 jdk-6u12-linux-i586.bin
Obtain any version of GNU tools from ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/gnu or, likewise, gcc from ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/gnu/gcc.
Here's how to conduct an anonymous ftp session to upload a couple of files. What you type is in bold.
russ@taliesin:~/build/1.7> ftp ftp> open ftp.funtime.com Connected to provo.funtime.com. 220 FTP Server ready. Name (ftp.funtime.com:russ): anonymous 331 Anonymous login ok, send your complete email address as your password Password: russ@windofkeltia.com 230 User anonymous logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> cd incoming 250 CWD command successful ftp> binary 200 Type set to I ftp> put rs-2009-06-05.zip local: rs-2009-06-05.zip remote: rs-2009-06-05.zip 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||43813|) 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for rs-2009-06-05.zip 100% |*************************************| 35224 KB 1.00 MB/s 00:00 ETA 226 Transfer complete 36069479 bytes sent in 00:34 (1.00 MB/s) ftp> put rw-2009-06-05.zip local: rw-2009-06-05.zip remote: rw-2009-06-05.zip 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||19475|) 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for rw-2009-06-05.zip 100% |*************************************| 8836 KB 1.02 MB/s 00:00 ETA 226 Transfer complete 9048118 bytes sent in 00:08 (1.02 MB/s) ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. russ@taliesin:~/build/1.7>
Only on Ubuntu and openSuSE will Firefox make good on installing the missing Flash plug-in. On other Linuces, you have to:
# gunzip -d install_flash_player_10_linux.tar.gz # tar -xvf install_flash_player_10_linux.tar # rm install_flash_player_10_linux.tar
This will leave you with libflashplayer.so in the plug-in subdirectory.
See how here.