(reminder about noun-adjective declensions...) | ||
Declension | Characteristics | |
---|---|---|
First | thematic, feminine nouns, some adjectives | |
Second | thematic, o/e vocalic alternance, masculine and neuter nouns, some adjectives | |
Third | athematic, all genders, some adjectives | |
Fourth | thematic, all genders | |
Fifth | athematic, small number of feminine nouns |
bonus (good) | sacer (holy, sacred) |
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
nom. sg. | bonus | bona | bonum | nom. sg. | sacer | sacra | sacrum | |
voc. sg. | bone | bona | bonum | voc. sg. | sacer | sacra | sacrum | |
acc. sg. | bonum | bonam | bonum | acc. sg. | sacrum | sacram | sacrum | |
gen. sg. | bonī | bonæ | bonī | gen. sg. | sacrī | sacræ | sacrī | |
dat. sg. | bonō | bonæ | bonō | dat. sg. | sacrō | sacræ | sacrō | |
abl. sg. | bonō | bonā | bonō | abl. sg. | sacrō | sacrā | sacrō | |
nom. pl. | boni | bonæ | bona | nom. pl. | sacri | sacræ | sacra | |
voc. pl. | boni | bonæ | bona | voc. pl. | sacri | sacræ | sacra | |
acc. pl. | bonōs | bonās | bona | acc. pl. | sacrōs | sacrās | sacra | |
gen. pl. | bonōrum | bonārum | bonōrum | gen. pl. | sacrōrum | sacrārum | sacrōrum | |
dat. pl. | bonīs | dat. pl. | sacrīs | |||||
abl. pl. | bonīs | abl. pl. | sacrīs |
pulcher, (beautiful)
sg. | pl. | |
nom./voc. | pulcher | pulcheri |
acc. | pulcherum | pulcheros |
gen. | pulcheri | pulcherorum |
dat. | pulchero | pulcheris |
abl. | pulchero | pulcheris |
my, our, thy, your, their
sg. | pl. | ||
first person | meus, -a, -um | noster, -tra, -trum | |
second person | tuus, -a, -um | uester, -tra, -trum | |
third person | suus, -a, -um |
alius, alius, aliud (one, another; others)
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||||
nom./voc. sg. | alius | alia | aliud | ||||
acc. sg. | alium | aliam | aliud | ||||
gen. sg. | alius | [the genitive is very rare] | |||||
dat. sg. | alii | ||||||
abl. sg. | alio | alia | alio | ||||
nom./voc. pl. | alii | aliæ | alia | ||||
acc. pl. | alios | alias | alia | ||||
gen. pl. | aliorum | aliarum | aliorum | ||||
dat. pl. | aliis | ||||||
abl. pl. | aliis |
alter, altera, alterum (one of another, the other of the two; the second)
masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
nom./voc. sg. | alter | altera | alterum | |||
acc. sg. | alterum | alteram | alterum | |||
gen. sg. | alterius | |||||
dat. sg. | alteri | |||||
abl. sg. | altero | altera | altero | |||
nom./voc. pl. | alteri | |||||
acc. pl. | alteros | |||||
gen. pl. | alterorum | |||||
dat. pl. | alteris | |||||
abl. pl. | alteris |
The comparative is based on the third declension.
doctus, doctior, < doct *-yos (wise, wiser)
masc./fem. | neuter | ||
nom./voc. sg. | doctior | doctius | |
acc. sg. | doctiorem | doctius | |
gen. sg. | doctioris | doctioris | |
dat. sg. | doctiori | doctiori | |
abl. sg. | doctiore | doctiore | |
nom./voc. pl. | doctiores | doctiora | |
acc. pl. | doctiores | doctiora | |
gen. pl. | doctiorum | doctiorum | |
dat. pl. | doctioribus | doctioribus | |
abl. pl. | doctioribus | doctioribus |
With a complement, the comparative is constructed with an ablative:
doctior Petro (wiser than Peter)
or the more complex construction of comparative equality:
tam doctus est quam Petrus (he is as wise as Peter)
and:
doctior quam Petrus (wiser than Peter)
as well as:
doctior quam puto (wiser than I think)
Most adjectives from first or second declension:
uast-issimus, f. uastissima (most vast, widest)
Many adjectives from second declension whose stem ends in a liquid:
pulcher-rissima, m. pulcherrimus (most beautiful,
most handsome)
Few irregular adjectives having an ancient form:
max-imus, < *mag-simus (greatest)
1. The superlative’s complement is expressed in Latin either using the
genitive:
Romanorum prudentissimus (the most careful of Romans)
2. ...or the ablative:
e Romanis prudentissimus (of [all] Romans, the most careful)
and similarly, ...
altissima arborum or
altissima ex arboribus (the tallest of trees)
1. Adjectives are frequently used as nouns:
boni (good people)
bonum (good [the good that we do])
bona (goods)
2. Some adjectives are accompanied by a complement whose case is appropriate to
the meaning of each adjective:
loco multis commodis prædito, præditus + abl.
([in] an area endowed with numerous advantages)
3. Sometimes, this complement is governed by a preposition:
res ad uitam necessarias, (things indispensable to life)